Step 3.1: Characterisation of the storage dynamic behaviour

At least the following factors shall be considered: possible injection rates and CO_(2) stream properties; the efficacy of coupled process modelling (that is, the way various single effects in the simulator(s) interact); reactive processes (that is, the way reactions of the injected CO_(2) with in situ minerals feedback in the model); the reservoir simulator used (multiple simulations may be required in order to validate certain findings); short and long-term simulations (to establish CO_(2) fate and behaviour over decades and millennia, including the rate of dissolution of CO_(2) in water). The dynamic modelling shall provide insight into: pressure and temperature of the storage formation as a function of injection rate and accumulative injection amount over time; areal and vertical extent of CO_(2) vs time; the nature of CO_(2) flow in the reservoir, including phase behaviour; CO_(2) trapping mechanisms and rates (including spill points and lateral and vertical seals); secondary containment systems in the overall storage complex; storage capacity and pressure gradients in the storage site; the risk of fracturing the storage formation(s) and caprock; the risk of CO_(2) entry into the caprock; the risk of leakage from the storage site (for example, through abandoned or inadequately sealed wells); the rate of migration (in open-ended reservoirs); fracture sealing rates; changes in formation(s) fluid chemistry and subsequent reactions (for example, pH change, mineral formation) and inclusion of reactive modelling to assess affects; displacement of formation fluids; increased seismicity and elevation at surface level.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-10-12 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.