A. Typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomass fuels if produced with no net-carbon emissions from land-use change

WOODCHIPS Biomass fuel production system Transport distance Greenhouse gas emissions savings –typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Heat Electricity Heat Electricity Woodchips from forest residues 1 to 500 km 93 % 89 % 91 % 87 % 500 to 2500 km 89 % 84 % 87 % 81 % 2500 to 10000 km 82 % 73 % 78 % 67 % Above 10000 km 67 % 51 % 60 % 41 % Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus) 2500 to 10000 km 77 % 65 % 73 % 60 % Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) 1 to 500 km 89 % 83 % 87 % 81 % 500 to 2500 km 85 % 78 % 84 % 76 % 2500 to 10000 km 78 % 67 % 74 % 62 % Above 10000 km 63 % 45 % 57 % 35 % Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) 1 to 500 km 91 % 87 % 90 % 85 % 500 to 2500 km 88 % 82 % 86 % 79 % 2500 to 10000 km 80 % 70 % 77 % 65 % Above 10000 km 65 % 48 % 59 % 39 % Woodchips from stemwood 1 to 500 km 93 % 89 % 92 % 88 % 500 to 2500 km 90 % 85 % 88 % 82 % 2500 to 10000 km 82 % 73 % 79 % 68 % Above 10000 km 67 % 51 % 61 % 42 % Woodchips from industry residues 1 to 500 km 94 % 92 % 93 % 90 % 500 to 2500 km 91 % 87 % 90 % 85 % 2500 to 10000 km 83 % 75 % 80 % 71 % Above 10000 km 69 % 54 % 63 % 44 % Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid; Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid; Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide electricity and heat to the pellet mill. WOOD PELLETS Biomass fuel production system Transport distance Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Heat Electricity Heat Electricity Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues Case 1 1 to 500 km 58 % 37 % 49 % 24 % 500 to 2500 km 58 % 37 % 49 % 25 % 2500 to 10000 km 55 % 34 % 47 % 21 % Above 10000 km 50 % 26 % 40 % 11 % Case 2a 1 to 500 km 77 % 66 % 72 % 59 % 500 to 2500 km 77 % 66 % 72 % 59 % 2500 to 10000 km 75 % 62 % 70 % 55 % Above 10000 km 69 % 54 % 63 % 45 % Case 3a 1 to 500 km 92 % 88 % 90 % 85 % 500 to 2500 km 92 % 88 % 90 % 86 % 2500 to 10000 km 90 % 85 % 88 % 81 % Above 10000 km 84 % 76 % 81 % 72 % Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus) Case 1 2500 to 10000 km 52 % 28 % 43 % 15 % Case 2a 2500 to 10000 km 70 % 56 % 66 % 49 % Case 3a 2500 to 10000 km 85 % 78 % 83 % 75 % Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) Case 1 1 to 500 km 54 % 32 % 46 % 20 % 500 to 10000 km 52 % 29 % 44 % 16 % Above 10000 km 47 % 21 % 37 % 7 % Case 2a 1 to 500 km 73 % 60 % 69 % 54 % 500 to 10000 km 71 % 57 % 67 % 50 % Above 10000 km 66 % 49 % 60 % 41 % Case 3a 1 to 500 km 88 % 82 % 87 % 81 % 500 to 10000 km 86 % 79 % 84 % 77 % Above 10000 km 80 % 71 % 78 % 67 % Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) Case 1 1 to 500 km 56 % 35 % 48 % 23 % 500 to 10000 km 54 % 32 % 46 % 20 % Above 10000 km 49 % 24 % 40 % 10 % Case 2a 1 to 500 km 76 % 64 % 72 % 58 % 500 to 10000 km 74 % 61 % 69 % 54 % Above 10000 km 68 % 53 % 63 % 45 % Case 3a 1 to 500 km 91 % 86 % 90 % 85 % 500 to 10000 km 89 % 83 % 87 % 81 % Above 10000 km 83 % 75 % 81 % 71 % Stemwood Case 1 1 to 500 km 57 % 37 % 49 % 24 % 500 to 2500 km 58 % 37 % 49 % 25 % 2500 to 10000 km 55 % 34 % 47 % 21 % Above 10000 km 50 % 26 % 40 % 11 % Case 2a 1 to 500 km 77 % 66 % 73 % 60 % 500 to 2500 km 77 % 66 % 73 % 60 % 2500 to 10000 km 75 % 63 % 70 % 56 % Above 10000 km 70 % 55 % 64 % 46 % Case 3a 1 to 500 km 92 % 88 % 91 % 86 % 500 to 2500 km 92 % 88 % 91 % 87 % 2500 to 10000 km 90 % 85 % 88 % 83 % Above 10000 km 84 % 77 % 82 % 73 % Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues Case 1 1 to 500 km 75 % 62 % 69 % 55 % 500 to 2500 km 75 % 62 % 70 % 55 % 2500 to 10000 km 72 % 59 % 67 % 51 % Above 10000 km 67 % 51 % 61 % 42 % Case 2a 1 to 500 km 87 % 80 % 84 % 76 % 500 to 2500 km 87 % 80 % 84 % 77 % 2500 to 10000 km 85 % 77 % 82 % 73 % Above 10000 km 79 % 69 % 75 % 63 % Case 3a 1 to 500 km 95 % 93 % 94 % 91 % 500 to 2500 km 95 % 93 % 94 % 92 % 2500 to 10000 km 93 % 90 % 92 % 88 % Above 10000 km 88 % 82 % 85 % 78 % This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list). The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list). AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS Biomass fuel production system Transport distance Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Heat Electricity Heat Electricity Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m^(3) 1 to 500 km 95 % 92 % 93 % 90 % 500 to 2500 km 89 % 83 % 86 % 80 % 2500 to 10000 km 77 % 66 % 73 % 60 % Above 10000 km 57 % 36 % 48 % 23 % Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m^(3) 1 to 500 km 95 % 92 % 93 % 90 % 500 to 2500 km 93 % 89 % 92 % 87 % 2500 to 10000 km 88 % 82 % 85 % 78 % Above 10000 km 78 % 68 % 74 % 61 % Straw pellets 1 to 500 km 88 % 82 % 85 % 78 % 500 to 10000 km 86 % 79 % 83 % 74 % Above 10000 km 80 % 70 % 76 % 64 % Bagasse briquettes 500 to 10000 km 93 % 89 % 91 % 87 % Above 10000 km 87 % 81 % 85 % 77 % Palm Kernel Meal Above 10000 km 20 % -18 % 11 % -33 % Palm Kernel Meal (no CH_(4) emissions from oil mill) Above 10000 km 46 % 20 % 42 % 14 % Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself. Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration. Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane). The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of e_(sca) considered is equal to – 45 g CO_(2)eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion. Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH_(4) and N_(2)O. The magnitude of those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency. Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that process. Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation. BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY Biogas production system Technological option Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Wet manure Case 1 Open digestate 146 % 94 % Close digestate 246 % 240 % Case 2 Open digestate 136 % 85 % Close digestate 227 % 219 % Case 3 Open digestate 142 % 86 % Close digestate 243 % 235 % Maize whole plant Case 1 Open digestate 36 % 21 % Close digestate 59 % 53 % Case 2 Open digestate 34 % 18 % Close digestate 55 % 47 % Case 3 Open digestate 28 % 10 % Close digestate 52 % 43 % Biowaste Case 1 Open digestate 47 % 26 % Close digestate 84 % 78 % Case 2 Open digestate 43 % 21 % Close digestate 77 % 68 % Case 3 Open digestate 38 % 14 % Close digestate 76 % 66 % BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE Biogas production system Technological option Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % Case 1 Open digestate 72 % 45 % Close digestate 120 % 114 % Case 2 Open digestate 67 % 40 % Close digestate 111 % 103 % Case 3 Open digestate 65 % 35 % Close digestate 114 % 106 % Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % Case 1 Open digestate 60 % 37 % Close digestate 100 % 94 % Case 2 Open digestate 57 % 32 % Close digestate 93 % 85 % Case 3 Open digestate 53 % 27 % Close digestate 94 % 85 % Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % Case 1 Open digestate 53 % 32 % Close digestate 88 % 82 % Case 2 Open digestate 50 % 28 % Close digestate 82 % 73 % Case 3 Open digestate 46 % 22 % Close digestate 81 % 72 % The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO_(2)eq/MJ. BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORT Biomethane production system Technological options Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Wet manure Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 117 % 72 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 133 % 94 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 190 % 179 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 206 % 202 % Maize whole plant Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 35 % 17 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 51 % 39 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 52 % 41 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 68 % 63 % Biowaste Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 43 % 20 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 59 % 42 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 70 % 58 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 86 % 80 % The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO_(2)eq/MJ. This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH_(4)/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases. This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any). BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE Biomethane production system Technological options Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 62 % 35 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 78 % 57 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 97 % 86 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 113 % 108 % Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 53 % 29 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 69 % 51 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 83 % 71 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 99 % 94 % Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 48 % 25 % Open digestate, off-gas combustion 64 % 48 % Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 74 % 62 % Close digestate, off-gas combustion 90 % 84 %

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-10-28 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.