D. TOTAL TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUEL PATHWAYS

Biomass fuel production system Transport distance Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Woodchips from forest residues 1 to 500 km 5 6 500 to 2500 km 7 9 2500 to 10000 km 12 15 Above 10000 km 22 27 Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus) 2500 to 10000 km 16 18 Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) 1 to 500 km 8 9 500 to 2500 km 10 11 2500 to 10000 km 15 18 Above 10000 km 25 30 Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) 1 to 500 km 6 7 500 to 2500 km 8 10 2500 to 10000 km 14 16 Above 10000 km 24 28 Woodchips from stemwood 1 to 500 km 5 6 500 to 2500 km 7 8 2500 to 10000 km 12 15 Above 10000 km 22 27 Woodchips from industry residues 1 to 500 km 4 5 500 to 2500 km 6 7 2500 to 10000 km 11 13 Above 10000 km 21 25 Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 1) 1 to 500 km 29 35 500 to 2500 km 29 35 2500 to 10000 km 30 36 Above 10000 km 34 41 Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 2a) 1 to 500 km 16 19 500 to 2500 km 16 19 2500 to 10000 km 17 21 Above 10000 km 21 25 Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues (case 3a) 1 to 500 km 6 7 500 to 2500 km 6 7 2500 to 10000 km 7 8 Above 10000 km 11 13 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 1) 2500 to 10000 km 33 39 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 2a) 2500 to 10000 km 20 23 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 3a) 2500 to 10000 km 10 11 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 1) 1 to 500 km 31 37 500 to 10000 km 32 38 Above 10000 km 36 43 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 2a) 1 to 500 km 18 21 500 to 10000 km 20 23 Above 10000 km 23 27 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised – case 3a) 1 to 500 km 8 9 500 to 10000 km 10 11 Above 10000 km 13 15 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 1) 1 to 500 km 30 35 500 to 10000 km 31 37 Above 10000 km 35 41 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 2a) 1 to 500 km 16 19 500 to 10000 km 18 21 Above 10000 km 21 25 Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation – case 3a) 1 to 500 km 6 7 500 to 10000 km 8 9 Above 10000 km 11 13 Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 1) 1 to 500 km 29 35 500 to 2500 km 29 34 2500 to 10000 km 30 36 Above 10000 km 34 41 Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 2a) 1 to 500 km 16 18 500 to 2500 km 15 18 2500 to 10000 km 17 20 Above 10000 km 21 25 Wood briquettes or pellets from stemwood (case 3a) 1 to 500 km 5 6 500 to 2500 km 5 6 2500 to 10000 km 7 8 Above 10000 km 11 12 Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 1) 1 to 500 km 17 21 500 to 2500 km 17 21 2500 to 10000 km 19 23 Above 10000 km 22 27 Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 2a) 1 to 500 km 9 11 500 to 2500 km 9 11 2500 to 10000 km 10 13 Above 10000 km 14 17 Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues (case 3a) 1 to 500 km 3 4 500 to 2500 km 3 4 2500 to 10000 5 6 Above 10000 km 8 10 Case 1 refers to processes in which a Natural Gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid. Case 2a refers to processes in which a boiler fuelled with wood chips is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid. Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fuelled with wood chips, is used to provide heat and electricity to the pellet mill. This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list). The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list). Biomass fuel production system Transport distance Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m^(3) 1 to 500 km 4 4 500 to 2500 km 8 9 2500 to 10000 km 15 18 Above 10000 km 29 35 Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m^(3) 1 to 500 km 4 4 500 to 2500 km 5 6 2500 to 10000 km 8 10 Above 10000 km 15 18 Straw pellets 1 to 500 km 8 10 500 to 10000 km 10 12 Above 10000 km 14 16 Bagasse briquettes 500 to 10000 km 5 6 Above 10000 km 9 10 Palm Kernel Meal Above 10000 km 54 61 Palm Kernel Meal (no CH_(4) emissions from oil mill) Above 10000 km 37 40 Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of methane which change with the weather, the substrate and the digestion efficiency. In these calculations the amounts are taken to be equal to 0,05 MJ CH_(4)/MJ biogas for manure, 0,035 MJ CH_(4)/MJ biogas for maize and 0,01 MJ CH_(4)/MJ biogas for biowaste. Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas tight tank and the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. Biogas production system Technological option Typical value Default value Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Biogas for electricity from wet manure Case 1 Open digestate – 28 3 Close digestate – 88 – 84 Case 2 Open digestate – 23 10 Close digestate – 84 – 78 Case 3 Open digestate – 28 9 Close digestate – 94 – 89 Biogas for electricity from maize whole plant Case 1 Open digestate 38 47 Close digestate 24 28 Case 2 Open digestate 43 54 Close digestate 29 35 Case 3 Open digestate 47 59 Close digestate 32 38 Biogas for electricity from biowaste Case 1 Open digestate 31 44 Close digestate 9 13 Case 2 Open digestate 37 52 Close digestate 15 21 Case 3 Open digestate 41 57 Close digestate 16 22 This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH_(4)/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases. This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any). Biomethane production system Technological option Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Biomethane from wet manure Open digestate, no off-gas combustion – 20 22 Open digestate, off-gas combustion – 35 1 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion – 88 – 79 Close digestate, off-gas combustion – 103 – 100 Biomethane from maize whole plant Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 58 73 Open digestate, off-gas combustion 43 52 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 41 51 Close digestate, off-gas combustion 26 30 Biomethane from biowaste Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 51 71 Open digestate, off-gas combustion 36 50 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 25 35 Close digestate, off-gas combustion 10 14 Biogas production system Technological options Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % Case 1 Open digestate 17 33 Close digestate – 12 – 9 Case 2 Open digestate 22 40 Close digestate – 7 – 2 Case 3 Open digestate 23 43 Close digestate – 9 – 4 Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % Case 1 Open digestate 24 37 Close digestate 0 3 Case 2 Open digestate 29 45 Close digestate 4 10 Case 3 Open digestate 31 48 Close digestate 4 10 Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % Case 1 Open digestate 28 40 Close digestate 7 11 Case 2 Open digestate 33 47 Close digestate 12 18 Case 3 Open digestate 36 52 Close digestate 12 18 Comments Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself. Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration. Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane). Biomethane production system Technological options Typical value Default value (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) (g CO_(2)eq/MJ) Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 32 57 Open digestate, off-gas combustion 17 36 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion – 1 9 Close digestate, off-gas combustion – 16 – 12 Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 41 62 Open digestate, off-gas combustion 26 41 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 13 22 Close digestate, off-gas combustion – 2 1 Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % Open digestate, no off-gas combustion 46 66 Open digestate, off-gas combustion 31 45 Close digestate, no off-gas combustion 22 31 Close digestate, off-gas combustion 7 10 Where biomethane is used as Compressed Biomethane as a transport fuel, a value of 3,3 g CO_(2)eq/MJ biomethane needs to be added to the typical values and a value of 4,6 g CO_(2)eq/MJ biomethane to the default values.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-10-28 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.