Article 3 — Definitions
For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply: (1) ‘consumer’ means any natural person who acts for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession; (2) ‘trader’ means any natural person, or any legal person irrespective of whether privately or publicly owned, that acts, including through another person acting in that person’s name or on that person’s behalf, for purposes relating to that person’s trade, business, craft or profession; (3) ‘collective interests of consumers’ means the general interest of consumers and, in particular for the purposes of redress measures, the interests of a group of consumers; (4) ‘qualified entity’ means any organisation or public body representing consumers’ interests which has been designated by a Member State as qualified to bring representative actions in accordance with this Directive; (5) ‘representative action’ means an action for the protection of the collective interests of consumers that is brought by a qualified entity as a claimant party on behalf of consumers to seek an injunctive measure, a redress measure, or both; (6) ‘domestic representative action’ means a representative action brought by a qualified entity in the Member State in which the qualified entity was designated; (7) ‘cross-border representative action’ means a representative action brought by a qualified entity in a Member State other than that in which the qualified entity was designated; (8) ‘practice’ means any act or omission by a trader; (9) ‘final decision’ means a decision by a court or administrative authority of a Member State that cannot or can no longer be reviewed by ordinary means of appeal; (10) ‘redress measure’ means a measure that requires a trader to provide consumers concerned with remedies such as compensation, repair, replacement, price reduction, contract termination or reimbursement of the price paid, as appropriate and as available under Union or national law.
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Source: EUR-Lex CELLAR · retrieved 2026-08-05