doc__table__145 — COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to…

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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser · European Union

| (77) | However, in order to construct a counterfactual and control for different factors affecting passing-on, quantitative evidence may also be useful in many cases. Such evidence may include data on actual prices, costs or margins as well as external indicators which would influence pricing decisions of firms, e.g. aggregated measures of economic activity (such as GDP growth, inflation and employment rates). In some cases, regional variables of economic activity might be useful to control for different regional tendencies which are not related to the infringement.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.