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| (82) | In some jurisdictions national courts may appoint economic experts who assist the judge when estimating passing-on and they have traditionally taken this approach to estimate the initial overcharge. The court may employ a similar approach when estimating passing-on, e.g. by using the so-called comparator-based methods. The experience from using court-appointed experts when estimating the overcharge may, therefore, also be relevant for the estimation of passing-on. An example of an approach where the court has appointed an economic expert is provided in Box 4 below.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.