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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser · European Union
| (144) | If the data needed to perform the difference-in-differences approach is not available, other techniques of the ones described above may be considered, namely cross-market comparison or comparison over time. However, if such techniques are employed, it is also important to construct a sound counterfactual taking into account factors varying between the different markets or time periods.
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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.