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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser · European Union
| (20) | At the outset, it should be noted that Article 17(2) of the Damages Directive establishes the general presumption that cartel infringements cause harm. In addition, Articles 13 and 14 of the Damages Directive include specific rules on the burden of proof in the context of passing-on.
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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.