sec_4_2__para__5
COMMISSION NOTICE Guidance on the interpretation and application of Council Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts · European Union
Where, in connection with an individual dispute or a collective action, a national court finds a given term to be unfair, such finding or declaration applies ex tunc. This means that it must have effect from the conclusion of the contract or the moment when the relevant term was inserted into the contract and not ex nunc from the time of the judgment (289).
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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.