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| 18. | The nature of the factors causing adverse effects – what can be referred to as the ‘damage factors’ (35) – may also vary (36). Their nature may be additive – involving the deposit of waste on land, or use of inert materials to fill in a wetland, for instance, or the contamination of the receiving environment by pollutants. Or it may be subtractive or extractive – involving an impedance of river flow (37) or the removal of trees or minerals, for example. Or it may be purely destructive – as where land features are cleared or individuals of a protected species killed.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.