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| 26. | The Commission determines the range of products that customers of the undertaking(s) involved regard as effective and immediate substitutes, as well as the degree of substitutability with the products of the undertaking(s) involved by examining a variety of evidence. Such evidence includes, depending on the requirements and particularities of each case, indicators for the reasons why customers would or would not substitute one product with another, such as customer preferences relating to product characteristics, prices, functionalities, intended use, barriers to switching and switching costs. It also includes direct indicators of substitution, such as evidence of past or hypothetical substitution. Further details on the evidence that the Commission relies on when assessing demand substitution are set out in Section 3.2.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-07 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.