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| 35. | Supply substitution can also be relevant for market definition when customers purchase bespoke products, for example, when customers issue calls for tenders for construction projects or the procurement of trains or gas turbines. In such cases, there may be no or limited demand substitution between the bespoke products for different customers. From the perspective of demand substitution, each such bespoke product could then constitute its own relevant market. However, when the competitive constraint on the undertaking(s) involved in such cases results from the ability of other suppliers to produce the specific bespoke product, competitive conditions may nevertheless be similar across different customers. Therefore, when the same suppliers can and generally do respond with offers that meet the specifications of different customers, for example in different calls for tenders, the different bespoke products can be included in the same relevant product market.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-07 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.