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| 51. | In certain cases, there may be evidence of substitution between different products following past structural changes, events or shocks in the market. Such evidence can be particularly informative for demand substitution, in particular when the substitution is caused by an exogenous (76) shift in relative supply conditions of the products of the undertaking(s) involved, such as an unexpected cost shock, or by another similar event. Launches of new products can also provide useful information, when it is possible to analyse precisely which products have lost sales to the new product (77). Similarly, changes in quantities in reaction to a supplier’s exit from the market, or resulting from (temporary) unavailability of certain products (for example due to production outages or supply-chain disruptions), may be informative for substitution patterns (78). However, reactions to a significant change, such as the complete unavailability of a product or the introduction of a new product, may not always indicate how customers would react to more limited changes in relative supply conditions.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-07 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.