ntr31-C_202401645EN.000101-E0031
(31) For instance, in the air transport sector, the relevant product market for passenger air transport services has been defined on the basis of the point of origin/point of destination (O&D) pair approach. This approach has been used across cases over time. See, for example, merger cases M.3280 Air France/KLM, paragraphs 9 and 16; M.3770 Lufthansa/Swiss, paragraphs 12 et seq.; M.6447 IAG/bmi, paragraph 31; M.7333 Alitalia/Etihad, paragraph 63; M.7541 IAG/Aer Lingus, paragraph 14; antitrust cases AT.36201 PO/Lufthansa+SAS+United (Art 85); AT.39596 British Airways/American Airlines/Iberia; and judgment of 11 April 1989, Ahmed Saeed Flugreisen and Others v Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs, C-66/86, EU:C:1989:140, paragraph 40; judgment of 19 May 1994, Air France v Commission, T-2/93, EU:T:1994:55, paragraph 84; judgment of 4 July 2006, easyJet v Commission, T-177/04, EU:T:2006:187, paragraph 56. Another example is online advertising services, where the relevant product market has been defined across cases as a market for the provision of online advertising space, separate from offline advertising space, and the relevant geographic market has been defined across cases as national or as corresponding to linguistic borders within the European Economic Area (EEA) – see, for example, cases M.4731 Google/DoubleClick, paragraphs 56 and 83-84; M.5727 Microsoft/Yahoo! Search Business, paragraphs 61 and 91-93; M.7217 Facebook/Whatsapp, paragraphs 79 and 81-83.
Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.