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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser · European Union
| (67) | As the counterfactual scenario is hypothetical, it cannot be directly observed. As described below, different methods and techniques have been developed in economics and legal practice to establish the counterfactual. These vary in terms of the underlying assumptions and the variety of data needed.
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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.