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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser · European Union

| (177) | At a given level of the supply chain, competition between firms can be more or less intense. At one extreme, when a firm is a monopolist at its level of the supply chain, there is no competition. At the other extreme, competition between firms can be very intense (e.g. when many firms sell rather homogeneous products in a market with low barriers to entry), such that each firm acts as a price-taker and does not influence market prices which will be at or very close to the marginal costs of production. This latter case is referred to as perfect competition. In between these two extreme cases lies a broad range of intermediary scenarios, where competition could be more or less intense, depending e.g. on the number of firms in the industry or whether products sold by different firms are close substitutes or not.

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Source: EUR-Lex (Cellar) · retrieved 2026-09-25 · Text as adopted (Official Journal); later amendments are not incorporated in this text.